本文记录常用的kubectl命令行。

官方参考手册：https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/

蚂蚁金服的 Jimmy Song(宋净超) 主导了一个Kubernetes Handbook 的开源项目，里面有官方手册中这一部分的中文参考，对英文苦手的可以看看：https://jimmysong.io/kubernetes-handbook/guide/command-usage.html

在此之前我们可以先看看命令行的帮助：

kubectl help

从帮助给我们划分了几个 kubectl 的命令主题：

• 入门命令
• 部署命令 deployment
• 集群管理命令 cluster
• 问题定位命令
• 高级命令
• 设置命令
• 其它

下文的分类是我自己分配的，不按照帮助的显示顺序。

自动补全

$ source <(kubectl completion bash) # setup autocomplete in bash, bash-completion package should be installed first.
$ source <(kubectl completion zsh)  # setup autocomplete in zsh

或者永久性设置（bash）：
kubectl completion bash >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc

(zsh):
plugins=(kubectl)
source <(kubectl completion zsh)

帮助命令

$ kubectl help
$ kubectl explain pods,svc                       # get the documentation for pod and svc manifests

入门命令

1. 增

   kubectl create

   kubectl run

   也可以用 kubectl apply

   $ kubectl create -f ./my-manifest.yaml           # create resource(s)
   $ kubectl create -f ./my1.yaml -f ./my2.yaml     # create from multiple files
   $ kubectl create -f ./dir                        # create resource(s) in all manifest files in dir
   $ kubectl create -f https://git.io/vPieo         # create resource(s) from url
   
   $ kubectl run nginx --image=nginx                # start a single instance of nginx
   

2. 删

   $ kubectl delete -f ./pod.json                                              # Delete a pod using the type and name specified in pod.json
   $ kubectl delete pod,service baz foo                                        # Delete pods and services with same names "baz" and "foo"
   $ kubectl delete pods,services -l name=myLabel                              # Delete pods and services with label name=myLabel
   $ kubectl delete pods,services -l name=myLabel --include-uninitialized      # Delete pods and services, including uninitialized ones, with label name=myLabel
   $ kubectl -n default delete pv --all                                      # 删除 default 下所有的pv
   $ kubectl delete node xxx                                                 # 删除 node
   

3. 查

   kubectl get xxx

   kubectl describe nodes xxx

   # 查询资源
   $ kubectl get services                          # List all services in the namespace
   $ kubectl get pods --all-namespaces             # List all pods in all namespaces
   $ kubectl get pods -o wide                      # List all pods in the namespace, with more details
   $ kubectl get deployment my-dep                 # List a particular deployment
   $ kubectl get pods --include-uninitialized      # List all pods in the namespace, including uninitialized ones
   
   # 资源详细描述
   $ kubectl describe nodes my-node
   $ kubectl describe pods my-pod
   
   # 排序
   $ kubectl get services --sort-by=.metadata.name
   $ kubectl get pods --sort-by='.status.containerStatuses[0].restartCount'
   
   # 选择标签
   $ kubectl get pods --selector=app=cassandra rc -o \
     jsonpath='{.items[*].metadata.labels.version}'
   $ kubectl get pods --field-selector=status.phase=Running
   
   # ExternalIPs
   $ kubectl get nodes -o jsonpath='{.items[*].status.addresses[?(@.type=="ExternalIP")].address}'
   
   # 列出所有密钥
   $ kubectl get pods -o json | jq '.items[].spec.containers[].env[]?.valueFrom.secretKeyRef.name' | grep -v null | sort | uniq
   
   # 列出事件按时间排序
   $ kubectl get events --sort-by=.metadata.creationTimestamp
   

4. 改

   用于更新 API 对象的命令有：

   kubectl patch,

   kubectl annotate,

   kubectl edit,

   kubectl replace,

   kubectl scale,

   kubectl apply,

   kubectl expose

   • 更改pod

     # 从json文件滚动升级pods的镜像
     $ kubectl rolling-update frontend-v1 -f frontend-v2.json       
     
     # 重命名 + 升级pod镜像
     $ kubectl rolling-update frontend-v1 frontend-v2 --image=image:v2  
     
     # 回滚pod
     $ kubectl rolling-update frontend-v1 frontend-v2 --rollback
     
     # 从json文件替换pod
     $ cat pod.json | kubectl replace -f - 
     
     # 强制替换pod
     $ kubectl replace --force -f ./pod.json
     
     # 暴露端口
     $ kubectl expose rc nginx --port=80 --target-port=8000
     
     # 更新pod镜像
     $ kubectl get pod mypod -o yaml | sed 's/\(image: myimage\):.*$/\1:v4/' | kubectl replace -f -
     
     $ kubectl label pods my-pod new-label=awesome                      # Add a Label
     $ kubectl annotate pods my-pod icon-url=http://goo.gl/XXBTWq       # Add an annotation
     $ kubectl autoscale deployment foo --min=2 --max=10                # Auto scale a deployment "foo"
     
     $ kubectl edit svc/docker-registry                      # Edit the service named docker-registry
     $ KUBE_EDITOR="nano" kubectl edit svc/docker-registry   # Use an alternative editor
     

   • patch 补丁

     kubectl patch 命令接受 YAML 或 JSON 格式的补丁，且补丁能够以文件或直接以命令行参数的形式进行传递

     kubectl patch 命令拥有一个 type 参数，可以将其设置为以下值：

     参数值	合并类型
     json	JSON 补丁, RFC 6902
     merge	JSON 合并补丁, RFC 7386
     strategic	默认值，策略性合并补丁

     使用JSON 合并补丁更新一个列表，必须重新定义整个列表。新的列表会完全替换掉原先的列表。

     # 策略性合并补丁
     $ kubectl patch node k8s-node-1 -p '{"spec":{"unschedulable":true}}' 
     $ kubectl patch deployment patch-demo --patch "$(cat patch-file.yaml)"
     $ kubectl patch pod valid-pod -p '{"spec":{"containers":[{"name":"kubernetes-serve-hostname","image":"new image"}]}}'
     
     # 查看补丁情况
     # kubectl get deployment patch-demo --output yaml
     
     $ kubectl patch pod valid-pod --type='json' -p='[{"op": "replace", "path": "/spec/containers/0/image", "value":"new image"}]'
     $ kubectl patch deployment valid-deployment  --type json   -p='[{"op": "remove", "path": "/spec/template/spec/containers/0/livenessProbe"}]'
     
     # 增加新值
     $ kubectl patch sa default --type='json' -p='[{"op": "add", "path": "/secrets/1", "value": {"name": "whatever" } }]'
     

   • scale

     $ kubectl scale --replicas=3 rs/foo                                 # Scale a replicaset named 'foo' to 3
     $ kubectl scale --replicas=3 -f foo.yaml                            # Scale a resource specified in "foo.yaml" to 3
     $ kubectl scale --current-replicas=2 --replicas=3 deployment/mysql  # If the deployment named mysql's current size is 2, scale mysql to 3
     $ kubectl scale --replicas=5 rc/foo rc/bar rc/baz                   # Scale multiple replication controllers
     
     

5. 资源类型

   资源类型	简写
   all
   certificatesigningrequests	csr
   clusterrolebindings
   clusterroles
   componentstatuses	cs
   configmaps	cm
   controllerrevisions
   cronjobs
   customresourcedefinition	crd, crds
   daemonsets	ds
   deployments	deploy
   endpoints	ep
   events	ev
   horizontalpodautoscalers	hpa
   ingresses	ing
   jobs
   limitranges	limits
   namespaces	ns
   networkpolicies	netpol
   nodes	no
   persistentvolumeclaims	pvc
   persistentvolumes	pv
   poddisruptionbudgets	pdb
   podpreset
   pods	po
   podsecuritypolicies	psp
   podtemplates
   replicasets	rs
   replicationcontrollers	rc
   resourcequotas	quota
   rolebindings
   roles
   secrets
   serviceaccount	sa
   services	svc
   statefulsets	sts
   storageclasses	sc

6. 输出格式

   -o 或者 -output 标签

1. 输出debug级别

   -v 或者 --v 标志

问题定位命令

1. 集群信息

   $ kubectl cluster-info                                                  # 集群信息
   $ kubectl cluster-info dump                                             # 更详细的集群信息
   $ kubectl cluster-info dump --output-directory=/path/to/cluster-state   # 输出到文件
   
   $ kubectl config current-context
   

2. top

   $ kubectl top pod POD_NAME --containers               # Show metrics for a given pod and its containers
   $ kubectl top node my-node                                              # Show metrics for a given node
   

3. 维护模式

   $ kubectl cordon my-node                                                # 设置节点不可调度
   $ kubectl drain my-node                                                 # 将节点的pod 平滑 迁移到其他节点
   $ kubectl uncordon my-node                                              # 取消节点不可调度。
   
   # 参考 Kubernetes中的Taint和Toleration（污点和容忍）： https://jimmysong.io/posts/kubernetes-taint-and-toleration/
   # Taint（污点）和 Toleration（容忍）可以作用于 node 和 pod 上，其目的是优化 pod 在集群间的调度，
   # 具有 taint 的 node 和 pod 是互斥关系，而具有节点亲和性关系的 node 和 pod 是相吸的。
   
   # 为 node1 设置 taint：
   kubectl taint nodes node1 key1=value1:NoSchedule
   kubectl taint nodes node1 key1=value1:NoExecute
   kubectl taint nodes node1 key2=value2:NoSchedule
   # 删除 taint：
   kubectl taint nodes node1 key1:NoSchedule-
   kubectl taint nodes node1 key1:NoExecute-
   kubectl taint nodes node1 key2:NoSchedule-
   
   # 为 pod 设置 toleration
   只要在 pod 的 spec 中设置 tolerations 字段即可，可以有多个 key：
   tolerations:
   - key: "key1"
     operator: "Equal"
     value: "value1"
     effect: "NoSchedule"
   - key: "key1"
     operator: "Equal"
     value: "value1"
     effect: "NoExecute"
   - key: "node.alpha.kubernetes.io/unreachable"
     operator: "Exists"
     effect: "NoExecute"
     tolerationSeconds: 6000
   value 的值可以为 NoSchedule、PreferNoSchedule 或 NoExecute。
   tolerationSeconds 是当 pod 需要被驱逐时，可以继续在 node 上运行的时间。
   

4. Pods 互动

   kubectl logs

   kubectl attach

   kubectl exec

   $ kubectl logs my-pod                                 # dump pod logs (stdout)
   $ kubectl logs my-pod -c my-container                 # dump pod container logs (stdout, multi-container case)
   $ kubectl logs -f my-pod --namespace="xx"                             # stream pod logs (stdout)
   $ kubectl logs -f my-pod -c my-container              # stream pod container logs (stdout, multi-container case)
   $ kubectl run -i --tty busybox --image=busybox -- sh  # Run pod as interactive shell
   $ kubectl attach my-pod -i                            # Attach to Running Container
   
   $ kubectl exec my-pod -- ls /                         # Run command in existing pod (1 container case)
   $ kubectl exec my-pod -c my-container -- ls /         # Run command in existing pod (multi-container case)
   
   

5. 暴露端口

   kubectl port-forward 暴露本地端口给pod

   kubectl proxy 使API server监听在本地端口

   $ kubectl port-forward my-pod 5000:6000               # Listen on port 5000 on the local machine and forward to port 6000 on my-pod
   
   $ kubectl proxy --address='0.0.0.0'  --accept-hosts='^*$'